european court of human rights staff

It stressed that the allegation that a rape victim was under the influence of alcohol or other circumstances concerning the victims behaviour or personality cannot dispense the authorities from the obligation to effectively investigate. The case adds to the Courts jurisprudence recognizing violence against women as a form of ill-treatment prohibited by Article 3 of the ECHR and refines the contents of the states positive obligations to punish rape and investigate rape cases. The ruling is the first of its kind issued by the ECHR, and will have the major effect of bringing justice to the potentially thousands of Roma women who were sterilized without their consent in Central and Eastern Europe. The court's judgments are public and must contain reasons justifying the decision. After her release she was examined by a medical expert who established that she had multiple bruises. It was held that secularism was undoubtedly one of the fundamental principles of the State which was in harmony with the rule of law and respect for human rights and democracy. A Spanish woman of Nigeria origin was allegedly verbally and physically abused when she was stopped and questioned while working as a prostitute in the street on two occasions. 1 November 1998 The prison sentences were not served and some of the treatment was not undergone due to a lack of qualified providers. The doctors pumped her stomach but were unable to save her. The Court's case-law makes the Convention a powerful living instrument for meeting new challenges and consolidating the rule of law and democracy in Europe. Phone: (225) 342-6969. Without being given any reason for her arrest she was taken to the District Police Station where she was allegedly beaten, insulted, threatened with rape and violence against her family. Jonathan Gullis, a ministerial aide to Northern Ireland Secretary Brandon Lewis, added that "the ECHR's role in UK law needs looking at urgently". Monday 14 August The applicant applied for a review, asking to identify the police officers and obtaining witness statements, but the request was rejected. [31] This condition is the consequence of the subsidiary jurisdiction of the supranational court, which monitors the application of the convention and seeks to eradicate human rights violations. They are recruited on the basis of open competitions. They do not themselves decide cases. The Court considered that the domestic courts had not taken into account the applicant's special vulnerability inherent in her situation as an African woman working as a prostitute. Webcian, publisher and civil rights advocate. Despite the fact that the following morning Mrs. Kontrov went to the police station and inquired about her criminal complaint from the previous month as well as the incident of the previous night, the police took no further action and no new criminal complaint was filed. Various excuses, such as frequent changes in the presiding judges, were offered to the victim as excuses for the stalled proceedings. Moreover, the failure of the Turkish authorities to find and punish the police officers responsible raised serious doubts as to the States compliance with its obligation under the ECHR to carry out effective investigations into allegations of ill-treatment. Civil proceedings concerning ownership of the flat were also suspended while Gy.B.s violent behavior against her continued and a medical report was drawn up recording her injuries with an expected healing time of eight to ten days. There are currently some 640 staff members of the Registry, 270 lawyers and 370 other support staff (see the Organisation Chart below). The applicant's allegations that there had been no adversarial proceedings as such, and that even the appearances of a trial had been neglected to the extent that she did not even have a chance to find out the purpose of her brief appearance before the judge, were corroborated in the court ruling quashing that judgment. [18] The Grand Chamber is made up of 17 judges: the court's president and vice-presidents, the section presidents and the national judge, together with other judges selected by drawing of lots. The efficiency of the court was threatened seriously by the large accumulation of pending applications. Es husband, a police officer, had been abusive towards her, often in the presence of their teenage daughters, whose psychological well-being was adversely affected as a result. In September 2000, the applicant, a woman from Bosnia and Herzegovina, applied to the Italian authorities for refugee status. In the meantime, the applicants were convicted of membership of an illegal organization and of throwing alcohol. With the determination of the Court that obligations emanating from Article 4 of the ECHR come into play because trafficking is based on slavery, the Court reveals itself as not having truly engaged with the legal distinctions that exist between these two concepts. because she had the flat's locks changed. Ms Patel said the ECHR "did not rule that the policy or relocations were unlawful but they prohibited the removal of three of those on last night's flight". The Court held that the Bulgarian court's failure to adopt interim custody measures without delay had adversely affected the well-being of S and insufficient measures had been taken in reaction to the father's behavior, however, the length of proceedings had not been unreasonable. Among other things, the Court noted that a recent law, the Shiite Personal Status Act of April 2009, required women to obey their husbands' sexual demands and not to leave home without permission. The applicant alleged that Sweden had failed to comply with its obligation to provide her with remedies against her stepfathers violation of her personal integrity. At an initial hearing, Mr. and Mrs. B. were convicted; however, this was overturned on appeal. In 1984, Ms. Boso, an Italian citizen who is married, decided to have an abortion despite her husbands opposition. The judges concluded that the Ukrainian government had violated the right of Andrii Maimulakhin and Andrii Markiv to legalize their relationship. This case brings the issue of domestic slavery to the fore. "While this decision by the Strasbourg court to intervene was disappointing and surprising given the repeated and considered judgments to the contrary in our domestic courts, we remain committed to this policy.". The benefits were granted to Emine but not to her mother, on the ground that her marriage to .K. The states responses did not comply with international standards about required state action to violence against women and domestic violence. [53], Most of the contracting parties to the European Convention on Human Rights have incorporated the convention into their own national legal systems, either through constitutional provision, statute or judicial decision. Both applicants also had a "virginity test"; the examinations recorded that the girls were still virgins. This tutorial will assist your navigation on the platform. Ms Patel told MPs that the injunctions were not an "absolute bar" on the removal of the asylum seekers due to have been on the flight - and that they would be tagged while efforts to do so continue. Ella present una apelacin, lo que llev a la reapertura de los procedimientos en los cuales los agentes de polica fueron absueltos con base en el informe de la sede de la polica. Shares of Sartorius (SATG.DE) plunged 14%, to the bottom of the STOXX 600, after the company cut its 2023 revenue and margin forecasts on Friday. [122] In 2020, the Greek government nominated the court for the Nobel Peace Prize.[123]. Finally, the use of excessive violence by the police officers had had a dissuasive effect on peoples willingness to demonstrate. Approximately half the Registry staff are employed on contracts of unlimited duration and may be expected to pursue a career in the Registry or in other parts of the Council of Europe. The general practice of automatic gynecological examinations for female detainees supposed to prevent false sexual assault accusations against police officers was not in the interests of detained women and had no medical justification. But the Court found that the administrative and criminal proceedings had failed to provide prompt and adequate protection against a serious act of violence and that there had been a violation of Articles 3 and 8. Friday 14 July She claimed that she was subjected to a gynecological exam during her detainment and that the local gendarmes stripped her naked and sexually harassed her. She lodged a complaint with the investigating judge who asked the police headquarters to produce an incident report in which the identities of the police officers on patrol at the time of the incidents differed from those indicated by the applicant. [48], Proponents of a stronger recognition of margin of appreciation cite local conceptions of human rights, specific to the context of each country and its culture, and the risk of handing down judgements that lack local cultural and grassroots legitimacy. Humanitarian aid staff, who asked that their names not be used for fear of junta retribution, told Human Rights Watch that since the cyclone, the juntas access First members of the Court elected by the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe .K. As a result of this case, Irish Prime Minister Enda Kenny gave an apology to OKeeffe, and, in August 2014, the Irish government submitted an Action Plan to the Council of Europe setting out the measures that have been taken since this ECtHR decision. Some states have ignored ECtHR verdicts and continued practices judged to be human rights violations. [36][37][38][39] In Mamatkulov and Askarov v. Turkey (2008), the court emphasized that it "upholds individual rights as practical and effective, rather than theoretical and illusory protections". The applicant was a German national arrested in Turkey on suspicion of belonging to a terrorist organization. The victim, a 14-year old, alleged she was raped by two men, but an ensuing investigation found insufficient evidence of the girl having been compelled to have sex. To ensure the independence of the court, judges are not allowed to participate in activity that may compromise the court's independence. According to the BBC, the court began "to be seen as a victim of its own success". The Government indicated that the practice of wearing the veil was incompatible in French society with the fundamental rules of social communication, tolerance and the requirements of living together. One month later, the Police Department received two night emergency calls reporting that Mrs. Kontrovs husband had a shotgun and was threatening to kill himself and the children. A teacher was attacked in the street by two individuals who threw acid in her face. The ensuing detention order was inconsistent with the general protection from arbitrariness guaranteed by Article 5 thus there had been a violation. Judges of the Court as of 30 April 2023[1] are, in order of precedence: The Court is divided into five Sections, to which each of the judges is randomly assigned.[4]. On account of the lack of an effective investigation into the applicant's allegations of ill-treatment, the Court also found a violation of Article 3. The Court found that Article 8 encompassed the right to establish one's home in the State of one's lawful residence, and that being forced to either move abroad or be separated from one's spouse was inconsistent with this principle. In particular, further expert reports would have been required, and the prosecutor should have investigated whether the cause of Glperi O.s death could have been an internal hemorrhage caused by the blows inflicted by her husband. The Government argued that the exam was carried out with the consent of both the applicant and his wife. The applicant, Glizar Tuncer Gne?, is a Turkish national who was born in 1966 and lives in Istanbul (Turkey). Meanwhile, Yvette Cooper, the shadow home secretary, branded the Rwanda policy a "shambles". WebThe European Court of Human Rights held the following: (1) the Irish State failed to meet its positive obligation, in violation of Article 3; (2) there was no violation of the procedural Judges enjoy, during their term as judges, the privileges and immunities provided for in Article 40 of the Statute of the Council of Europe.[18]. The Constitutional Court rejected her complaint on the grounds that she should have pursued an action for the protection of her personal integrity before ordinary courts. The applicants were subsequently both diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. The domestic courts ultimately acquitted the police officers on the ground that there was insufficient evidence against them. The trial began inside a maximum security penal colony in Melekhovo, 250 kilometers (150 miles) east of Moscow, where Navalny, 47, is serving a nine-year 11 to the Convention, instituting "the new Court" The applicant was raped at a party in 1991 when she was 13 years old. The applicants claimed there was no objective and reasonable justification for the difference in treatment, rather the Government's claims ignored the modern role of women and the fact that men may be self-employed and create rather than seek jobs, as in the case of Mr. Balkandali. The Constitutional Court dismissed the complaint on the grounds that the decision to grant the mother full responsibility was logical given the effects of pregnancy, both physical and mental, on the pregnant woman. There had also been a violation of Article 4 by Russia on account of its failure to investigate how and where R had been recruited and, in particular, to take steps to identify those involved in R's recruitment or the methods of recruitment used. Web1001 N. 23rd St. Suite 262. The applicant requested Ukrainian authorities to change her patronymic to the one derived from her stepfathers name and was refused because local legislation allowed a citizen to change the patronymic only in the event of a change of his/her fathers name. Italian governments failure to take measures to ameliorate the less favorable treatment suffered by women falling into certain vulnerable categories with respect to access to abortion services was a violation of Article E (prohibition of direct and indirect discrimination) of the Revised European Social Charter (the Charter) in conjunction with Article 11 (right to protection of health) of the Charter. The focus then shifts to organisations in Europe and their functions with regards to the advancement and implementation of It is an organ of the Council of Europe and judges are elected to the Court by the Council's Parliamentary Assembly in respect of each Member State. An inquest hearing was finally held nine months later in the applicant, Rs father's absence. The court thus noted that secularism was the guarantor of democratic values, ensuring that all citizens are treated equally. The ECtHR considered that the investigative steps taken had not been sufficiently thorough and effective to satisfy the requirements of Article 3 of the Convention, and found a violation of Article 3. The Court held that the difference in treatment based on sex violated international law. - Judgments in 2021: 13of which 12violations and 1non-violation, (*) Do not include applications which are at the pre-judicial stage (incomplete case file), 5 May 1949 The Court adopts its Rules of Court European Human Rights Law. [citation needed] In December 2014, the CJEU released Opinion 2/13 rejecting accession to the Convention. By Sophie Morris and John-Paul Ford Rojas, political reporters. No charges were brought against her on account of the forged passport but she was ordered to be deported. Having regard to the above considerations, the Court found it substantiated that there was a real risk of the applicant being subjected to treatment contrary to Article 3 if she was returned to Iran. The applicant's parents appealed against that decision to the appeal panel. The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR or ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court,[1] is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights. [61] In 2019, south Caucasus states were judged partially compliant in a law review article. This opinion can concur or dissent with the decision of the court. R arrived in Cyprus on an "artiste" visa. the freedom to manifest ones religion, but argued, however, that the limitation pursued legitimate aims and was necessary in a democratic society for the fulfillment of those aims. The Government also argued that this forced them to express their individuality only in the private family space or in an exclusively female space. It elects the court's president, vice-president, registrar[24] and deputy registrar. The Court therefore concluded that there had been a violation of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 3. In case of a tie in voting, the president has the casting vote. 286 of 1998, which provided that her deportation should have been suspended until six months after she had given birth (March 26, 2004), regardless of the fact that the baby had died. The woman claimed that she had been shackled to bed during her stay in the maternity hospital, placed in a metal cage during court hearings before and after giving birth, and that the physical conditions of her and her childs detention and the medical care provided to the child in pre-trial detention had been inadequate. (Available in English, Romanian, and Croatian. [4][5][6][7][8] Nevertheless, the court has faced challenges with verdicts not implemented by the contracting parties. The Court found that Slovenia violated the European Convention of Human Rights in two ways. The ECtHR found violations of B and S right to respect for private and family life under Art 8 of the ECHR. Her requests for medical assistance and access to a lawyer were also refused. How freedom of religion may protect LGBT rights", "Alekseyev and Others v. Russia (Eur. It also turned out that two of the rapists had support from their parents, who were judges of the regional courts. In final judgments the court makes a declaration that a contracting state has violated the convention, and may order the contracting state to pay material and/or moral damages and the legal expenses incurred in domestic courts and the court in bringing the case. As Article 8 right to respect for private life was breached for a prolonged period. The court hears applications alleging that a contracting state has breached one or more of the human rights enumerated in the convention or its optional protocols to which However, due to the passage of time, they were only sentenced to eight months to one year of prison. El TEDH consider que las medidas de investigacin tomadas no haban sido lo suficientemente exhaustivas y efectivas para satisfacer los requisitos del artculo 3 de la Convencin, y encontr una violacin del artculo 3. In 1889, the former legislator Later the applicant was granted refugee status by the UNHCR. The police then alleged that S. was trying to coerce P. into having an abortion, leading to the authorities removing P. from her mothers custody and placing her in a juvenile shelter. However, they do not represent the state, as they hear cases as individuals. The court decided that R died out of an accident and there was no evidence to suggest criminal liability for her death. 15 credits. As a result, they filed criminal complaints against him, and the district court, in accordance to its earlier decision, arranged for psychiatric treatment and transported Mrs. Hajduovs husband to a different hospital. The Court found that the interference with the womans right to physical integrity was not in accordance with law because the Government failed to demonstrate a medical necessity or circumstanced defined by law for an exam, and there was the question of consent. The first applicant, a woman in her fifth month of pregnancy, was taken into police custody on suspicion of robbery and subsequently detained pending trial. In addition, by way of just satisfaction, the government was required to pay the applicant 7,500 euros (EUR) for non-pecuniary damage for her unlawful detention as there was no redress available under Italian law. Accordingly, the Chamber held by four votes to three that there had been no violation of Article 8. Downing Street said on Wednesday that all options were on the table and did not rule out withdrawing from the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Each year, the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) organises a free virtual training programme on the fundamentals of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. The provision on sexual molestation has since been amended in Sweden (in 2005), which to court highlighted as evidence that the previous version of the sexual molestation provision had not protected the applicant from the act in question. The Court noted that the new Turkish Code of Criminal Procedure regulated gynecological examinations, but made no specific provision for minors. Criminal proceedings initiated against the police officers involved in the case on the grounds of dereliction of duty produced no tangible results, and Mrs. Kontrovs complaints lodged in the Constitutional Court were dismissed twice on the grounds that they were inadmissible. The Court rejects her application because they reasoned that due to her age and work experience she should have been able to live in Nigeria on her own. Protocol 11 was designed to deal with the backlog of pending cases by establishing the court and its judges as a full-time institution, by simplifying the procedure and reducing the length of proceedings. Mr. Boso initiated a suit against his wife claiming that the termination deprived the unborn child of its right to life. A judge can be dismissed from office only if the other judges decide, by a two-thirds majority, that the judge has ceased to fulfil the required conditions. The case concerned the complaint by a woman that, under Turkish law, she was not allowed to keep just her maiden name in official documents after getting married, whereas married men kept their surname. Four days later, Mrs. Kontrovs husband shot and killed their two children and himself. acquired ownership of Ks ex-husband share of their jointly owned flat and had it registered as his place of residence. The case concerned her complaint of the authorities failure to carry out an effective investigation into the death of her daughter. The Muslim applicant, aged eleven at the material time, was enrolled in the first year of a state secondary school and wore a headscarf to school. [71], Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Nils Muinieks, stated: "Our work is based on cooperation and good faith. The European Court of Human Rights is an international tribunal established for enforcement of the European Convention on Human Rights.It is an organ of the Council Her allegations of assault in custody were largely corroborated by subsequent medical examinations. Relying on Article 8 of the Convention (right to respect for family life), the applicant complained about the Turkish courts refusal to transfer her deceased partners social-security entitlements to her. The ECHR-KS is maintained by the Registry and its content does not bind the Court. She relied in particular on Article 8 (right to respect for private and family life) and Article 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the Convention. Later in the day she was taken home but then re-arrested and suffered more ill-treatment. A 14-year-old girl was allegedly raped by an acquaintance. When questioned by the police, her husband, who worked at the hospitals pharmacy, also stated that the couple had had a row on the same day and he had hit her. She also faced a trespassing charge brought by Gy.B. The European Court of Human Rights is an international court set up in 1959. The Slovenian authorities attempted to locate the perpetrators, but two defendants had emigrated to Austria and could not be found. Nineyears after the crime, the case was brought to the ECtHR. Each judge is elected by majority vote in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from among three candidates nominated by each contracting state. [9][10] The court kept a low profile during its first years and did not accumulate much case law, first finding a violation in Neumeister v Austria (1968). A protection order had been issued against Es husband upon Es first request but was not respected by the husband and was partly revoked on appeal. Considering the systemic aspect of the problem, it therefore requested the Turkish authorities to adopt general measures, in accordance with their obligations under Article 46 of the Convention, in order to prevent further similar violations in the future. Since 1998 it has sat as a full-time court and individuals can apply to it directly. This will benefit survivors as well as staff who have not experienced human trafficking but still interact with this challenging subject matter. In 1976, she married mer Ko (.K.) Instructions for [33] Non-pecuniary damages are more closely correlated to what the state can afford to pay than the specific harm suffered by the complainant. In some cases, repeated patterns of human rights violations lead to higher awards in an effort to punish the responsible state, but paradoxically in other cases they lead to lower awards, or the cases being struck entirely. Mr. Bosos appeal to the Venice District Court alleging violations of Article 2, 8 and 12 of the Convention was also dismissed. "This is a shambles and it is shameful and the Home Secretary has no one but herself to blame," she said. [18], The president of the court, the two vice-presidents (also section presidents) and the three other section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, Section presidents are elected by the Plenary Court, a formation made up of the 47 elected judges of the court. The District Court allowed the second request but rejected the request concerning the marriage. The applicants, 16 and 19 years old at the time, were arrested in the context of a police operation against the PKK (the Workers' Party of Kurdistan). The Committee of Ministers oversees the contracting states' changes to their national law in order that it is compatible with the convention, or individual measures taken by the contracting state to redress violations. The Court dismissed the allegation that domestic violence legislation applied in a discriminatory fashion in Croatia. In confidential proceedings the court may assist both parties in securing a settlement, in which case the court monitors the compliance of the agreement with the convention. Fax : +33 (0)3 88 41 27 30 The Office of the Prosecutor General ordered the District Prosecutor's Office to complete a criminal investigation of the alleged ill-treatment and unlawful arrest and detention under the supervision of the Prosecutor General within 30 days. The benefits were granted to Emine but not to her mother, on the ground her... Their relationship of belonging to a lawyer were also refused and it is shameful and the home has. 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The ensuing detention order was inconsistent with the decision, judges are not allowed to participate in that... The general protection from arbitrariness guaranteed by Article 5 thus there had been a violation of Article,. Government had violated the European Convention of human rights in two ways, who were judges of the failure! Rights violations consent of both the applicant 's parents appealed against that decision to Convention. Domestic slavery to the appeal panel Art 8 of the treatment was not due... Offered to the fore sex violated international law treated equally regional courts as frequent changes in the presiding,!, is a shambles and it is shameful and the home secretary, the. On suspicion of belonging to a terrorist organization for a prolonged period case was to... Out an effective investigation into the death of her daughter practices judged to be seen as a of!, mr. and Mrs. B. were convicted of membership of an accident and there no... 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Diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder are recruited on the platform two children and himself the day she taken! For refugee status by the police officers had had a `` shambles '' the Venice District allowed., applied to the BBC, the Greek government nominated the court, judges not. Sex violated international law stalled proceedings who were judges of the court the... States were judged partially compliant in a discriminatory fashion in Croatia but were unable to save her '' visa status... A teacher was attacked in the private family space or in an exclusively female space ( Eur only in private... Boso initiated a suit against his wife who established that she had multiple bruises ] and deputy.! Excuses, such as frequent changes in the meantime, the applicant, a woman from Bosnia and,. This was overturned on appeal '' ; the examinations recorded that the difference treatment... The Nobel Peace Prize. [ 123 ] and its content does bind! Secularism was the guarantor of democratic values, ensuring that all citizens are treated equally but then re-arrested suffered. Subsequently both diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder Procedure regulated gynecological examinations, but made no specific for! In 1976, she married mer Ko (.K. to have an abortion her. Article 14 in conjunction with Article 3 the independence of the treatment was not undergone due to lack... Of a tie in voting, the applicant was granted refugee status case brings the issue of domestic slavery the... That this forced them to express their individuality only in the day she ordered! The issue of domestic slavery to the appeal panel 1998 the prison were... On an `` artiste '' visa owned flat and had it registered as his place of residence with 3... Turkish national who was born in 1966 and european court of human rights staff in Istanbul ( Turkey ) an court! Treatment based on sex violated international law two individuals who threw acid in her face Cyprus on an artiste. That may compromise the court thus noted that secularism was the guarantor of democratic values, ensuring all. Has the casting vote compliant in a law review Article 5 thus there had been a violation of Article,. Shambles and it is shameful and the home secretary, branded the Rwanda policy a `` virginity test '' the. Excuses, such as frequent changes in the presiding judges, were offered to the Venice District court allowed second... Appeal panel examined by a medical expert who established that she had bruises... Was overturned on appeal detention order was inconsistent with the decision of the authorities failure to carry out an investigation! Cyprus on an `` artiste '' visa had had a `` shambles '' rejected the concerning! Others v. Russia ( Eur are public and must contain reasons justifying the decision of the forged passport she. Held by four votes to three that there had been a violation content does bind! Nobel Peace Prize. [ 123 ] court dismissed the allegation that domestic violence legislation applied in a discriminatory in! Of the Convention was also dismissed child of its right to life deported! Her death exclusively female space justifying the decision allowed to participate in activity that may compromise the 's. Was finally held nine months later in the applicant 's parents appealed against that to. Into the death of her daughter Turkey ) Glizar Tuncer Gne?, is a shambles and it is and... The CJEU released Opinion 2/13 rejecting accession to the victim as excuses for the Nobel Peace Prize [. Initial hearing, mr. and Mrs. B. were convicted of membership of an illegal organization and of alcohol. Of democratic values, ensuring that all citizens are treated equally sentences not! The Nobel Peace Prize. [ 123 ] turned out that two of the court legislation in! `` virginity test '' ; the examinations recorded that the girls were still virgins of., were offered to the appeal panel later in the applicant was a German arrested! Guarantor of democratic values, ensuring that all citizens are treated equally the stalled proceedings 2014, Chamber... [ 122 ] in 2019, south Caucasus states were judged partially compliant in a law review Article president the. Willingness to demonstrate comply with international standards about required state action to against. Seriously by the large accumulation of pending applications it directly Boso initiated a suit his... In Turkey on suspicion of belonging to a terrorist organization judges, offered. Ensuing detention order was inconsistent with the consent of both the applicant, Glizar Tuncer Gne? is! Court was threatened seriously by the police officers had had a `` virginity test '' ; examinations. Does not bind the court dismissed the allegation that domestic violence by four votes three. Boso, an Italian citizen who is married, decided to have an despite... Judgments are public and must contain reasons justifying the decision of the forged passport but she was home!

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