is cassius dio a reliable source

CIL XIII,1668; Dessau, 212. . (Book 80, p. 481). Scan this QR code to download the app now. It makes Dio a more teachable author and will give scholars in many areas of Roman history an entree into critical engagement with Dio as something other than a source of facts. The sites documented in the Land of Judea include dozens of fortified settlements from the time of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, which may be among Cassius Dio's 50 destroyed fortresses. His father, Cassius Apronianus, had a distinguished career, serving as a senator, consul, and governor of Lydia, Pamphylia, Cilicia, and Dalmatia. . Cary and Foster Reference Cary and Foster1925, 447. Written in ancient Greek over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history. Reference Raviv, Har-Even and Tavger2016); Ras Abu Ma'aruf (Rapuano Reference Rapuano1999); Kh. This region, which runs from the Bethel highlands to the valleys around Nablus, was within the boundaries of Judea from the late Second Temple period until the Bar Kokhba Revolt.Footnote 50 Our study draws mainly on a reexamination of the data of the New Southern Samaria Survey and the Ephraim Survey, supplemented by the finds from archaeological excavations, other surveys, and fieldwork. Although he is criticized by some for errors, distortions and omissions, Cassius Dio later wrote explaining both his sources and his work's reliability: Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! Death of. On p. 83 we are told that Augustus claimed in the Res Gestae to have freed the city from the fractions.. On manor houses, see n. 47. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. There are two reasons usually given for why Nero set fire to Rome. Maecenas speech is not as unambiguous an endorsement of strong monarchy as Madsen makes out, given the monopoly he gives the senate on high administrative and military offices. Roman Emperor Septimius SeverusCarole Raddato (CC BY-SA). From this review, two main points emerge that demonstrate the need for a reexamination of the subject. By Macrinus he was entrusted with the administration of Pergamum and Smyrna, and on his return to Rome he was made consul. Kelafa (Raviv Reference Raviv2016); Kh. The available data do not permit a good estimate of the number of settlements destroyed during the First Revolt that were not resettled during the ensuing decades. He admired Emperor Claudius (r. 41-54 CE) for having a keen intelligence and his love of history and languages. Assuming that settlement density elsewhere in Judea was similar to that in the northern Judean hills,Footnote 53 there would have been more than a thousand settled sites (1702206=1,0201,320) in the Land of Judea alone. Corrections? Madsen then (101-106) revisits Dios portrait of Augustus and brings up several examples of inconsistency and inaccuracy that stem from Dios argument about Augustus establishing a stable, moderate monarchy. Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology, Bar Ilan University, Land of Israel Studies, Kinneret Academic College, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759421000271, Reference Safrai, Safrai, Friedman and Schwartz, Reference Dar, Patrich, Peleg-Barkat and Ben-Yosef, Reference Magen, Magen and Haimovich-Carmin, Reference Schwartz, Oppenheimer and Rappaport, Reference Zissu, Ganor, Klein and Jackson-Tal, Reference Zissu, Kloner, Zhalov, Gyorev and Delchev, Reference Safrai, Oppenheimer and Rappaport, Reference Steiner, Mulder-Hymans and Boertien, Reference Ben David, Di Segni, Hirschfeld, Patrich and Talgam, Reference Aviam, Kuwabara, Hasegawa and Paz, Reference Davidovich, Leibner, Arubas and Leibner, Reference Adan-Bayewitz, Osband, Wieder, Giauque and Asaro, Reference Finkelstein, Lederman and Bunimovitz, Reference Ameling, Cotton, Eck, Isaac, Kushnir-Stein, Misgav, Price and Yardeni, Reference Applebaum, Gafni, Oppenheimer and Stern, Reference Isaac, Oppenheimer and Rappaport, Reference Kloner, Zissu, Tur'el and Dolev. Severus Alexander Bust, MilanMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Cassius Dio also accused Nero of setting the fire that destroyed much of the city. Nitai; finds from the 2nd and 3rd c. CE in three karst caves in eastern Upper Galilee; and coins of Trajan found in the Nahal Amud cliffs.Footnote 37 Nonetheless, Jewish settlement in the Galilee as a whole was not affected during and after the Bar Kokhba Revolt. From this ratio, we can further extrapolate from the Galilee findings to arrive at an estimate of 800 villages in Judea during the Early Roman period again, not significantly different from Cassius Dio's figure. es-Sira, and Horvat Zichrin (Zissu Reference Zissu2001, 17, 79, 8081, 156, 17677, 17981, 196, 216). The change of the republic to the empire dominated his writings. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Second, he noted that Applebaum's estimates were lower than Cassius Dio's figure of wartime fatalities, which, according to Mor, included only soldiers and not civilians. 6 The use of Judaea as the name of the province is common mainly in non-Jewish sources; it is logical that a Roman author writing from far away would employ international concepts like the name of the province rather than a geographic definition used by the local population (Alon Reference Alon1989, 596). Although it is problematic to use this figure of Roman-period sites documented in surveys, given their lack of classification into secondary periods, the high-resolution data from published surveys do not reflect an increase in the number of settlements at the transition from the Early Roman to the Late Roman period. According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This is a view of Dio that Madsen has also argued in some of his many recent specialist contributions. Written chronologically, it is a history that follows Rome from its early foundation through the reign of Alexander Severus. And thus later I came both to Rome and to Campania to visit him, and spent a few days in his companythen, having asked to be excused because of the ailment of my feet, I set out for home, with the intention of spending all the rest of my life in my native land, as, indeed, the Heavenly Power revealed to me most clearly when I was already in Bithynia. Reassessing Dio's accuracy thus has broader implications for the history of the Second Jewish Revolt and the demography of Roman Judaea, as well as our understanding of Dio's other descriptions and Roman record-keeping in wartime. Arbel: Aviam et al. Other historical sources have exceedingly limited references to the queen, although Cicero 1999 (#374, 377) is the only source for a possible miscarried pregnancy by Cleopatra in early 44 . Rome begins intervention in Greek affairs. I at once set out for home. They relate events from 69 bc to ad 46, but there is a large gap after 6 bc. One point on which Madsen is undoubtedly correct is that Dios view of Octavian/Augustus has had far more influence than is generally acknowledged on the modern historiography of that figure. He was granted a second consulship by Severus Alexander, in 229, shortly before retirement. Cassius agreed with others that Commodus was both immoral and ruthless. Caesar's cult of personality and his murder. AJ 14.49; BJ 3.55; Plin. Wasson, D. L. (2020, August 10). Dio Cassius wrote a century later and did not have access to live witnesses for the Julio-Claudians. This paper discusses Cassius Dio's political thought in his Agrippa-Maecenas debate (52.2-40) through the use of a form of content analysis developed by political scientists called "operational code analysis." It offers a description of operational code . in a Jewish estate at Tel Rekhesh, Lower Galilee, Beyond the Jordan: Definitions and borders through history, Man near a Roman Arch: Studies Presented to Professor Yoram Tsafrir, Were there 204 settlements in Galilee at the time of Josephus Flavius, Methodology of population estimates: The Roman-Byzantine period as a case study, Die Schaupltze des Bar-Kochbakrieges und die auf diesen bezogenen jdischen Nachrichten, Dio Cassius. ), Map of excavated sites in Provincia Judaea where destruction layers or abandonment deposits from the time of the Bar Kokhba War have been found. Below is a partial list: Horvat Beit Shanna (Zissu and Bordowich Reference Zissu and Bordowicz2007); Tel Goded (Sagiv and Zissu Reference Sagiv and Zissu2006); Kh. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The exact date of his death is unknown. It should be emphasized that the data presented by Zissu do not pertain to all settlements of the Early Roman period but only to those with clear archaeological evidence of a Jewish population. The historian saved much of his criticism for Emperor Commodus (r. 180-192 CE) who he accused of unseemly deeds. This volume offers an introduction to the life and work of the 3rd-century-AD Greco-Roman senator and historian Cassius Dio, whose work, although imperfectly preserved in 80 books, is of fundamental importance to our understanding of Roman history. 27 It should be noted that at some of the sites it is not clear whether there was a settlement during the period between the revolts or if they were just used as hiding places for the rebels in the Second Revolt. hasContentIssue false, The extent of the region that took part in the revolt, An ethno-archaeological comparison with the Ottoman period, A comparison with similar research on settlements in the Galilee, An estimate of the number of Middle Roman period settlements in the Land of Judea on the basis of the archaeological evidence, The northern Judean hills (southern Samaria) as a test case, This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (, Copyright The Author(s), 2021. . Actually, you shouldn't assume that about any historian, ancient, modern or in between. Gallic War, continued. Reference Steiner, Mulder-Hymans and Boertien2013. Unfortunately, only one-third of Cassius Dio's Roman History survives, the best-preserved part being the period 69 BCE - 46 CE. Madsens argument (84) that Dios Octavian has the right to fight the civil wars rests on two relatively isolated passages (43.44.2-3; 45.1.2) that do not add up to an explicit authorial statement on the question. 12 Applebaum Reference Applebaum1976, 3435. 46 This assessment is based on an examination of the results of excavations and several surveys from the Judean region in which a distinction was made between the Early and Middle Roman periods. In an attempt to explain the purpose of his history, Cassius Dio addresses the reader in the opening pages of Volume One. Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome, and in doing so ushers in the imperial period. What we can do is take the total number of Roman-period sites as the potential number of settlements for the period in question and use the data from the published high-resolution surveys to extrapolate the potential for Judea as a whole. Macrinus and his reign. He should address others as his equal. 3 The total population of Palestine during the Roman Period is estimated at between one and three million (for a summary of the bibliography on this topic, see Safrai Reference Safrai1994b, 43637; Safrai Reference Safrai, Safrai, Friedman and Schwartz1997; Broshi Reference Broshi and Broshi2001, 8693; Faust and Safrai Reference Faust and Safrai2015, 29192). This belt of Jewish settlement ran as far as Mt. Dio is shown engaging in delicate political manipulation, playing a key role in the downfall of Marcus Aurelius Cleander, trusted advisor to the Emperor Commodus, and ultimately in the murder of Commodus himself. Suicide of Antony. For, after going from Asia into Bithynia, I fell sick, and from there I hastened to my province of Africa; then, on returning to Italy I was almost immediately sent as governor first to Dalmatia and then to Upper Pannonia, and after that I returned to Rome and Campania. [3][9], Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio, consul in 291. In AD 180 Cassius Dio moved to Rome. It provides important insights into the possibilities of Greco-Roman historiography as political analysis and the origins of our modern metanarrative of the late republic and Augustan periods. I trust, moreover, that if I have used a fine style, so far as the subject matter permitted, no one will on this account question the truthfulness of the narrative (Book 1, p. 3), He chose to begin his "narrative" where he had obtained the "clearest accounts of what is reported to have taken place in this land which we inhabit." The work took 22 years to complete, was written in Attic Greek, and follows Roman history from the city's foundation to the reign of Alexander Severus (r. 222-235 CE). 58 Kloner and Tepper Reference Kloner and Tepper1987, 375; Applebaum Reference Applebaum, Gafni, Oppenheimer and Stern1993; Zissu Reference Zissu2001, 26062, 26870. Raviv and Ben David supplementary material. Cassius Dio's reference to the destruction of almost all of Judea can be explained by what we know about the total annihilation of Jewish settlement in the Land of Judea and its surroundings, as well as the incomplete evidence from Peraea that may indicate that its Jewish residents took part in the revolt and suffered as a result. It should be emphasized that this is the minimum number of settlements for this region during the Bar Kokhba Revolt, because it is likely that even more modern village sites were inhabited at this time. 61 For the bibliography, see Kennedy Reference Kennedy2006. He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna following the death of Septimius Severus; he became a suffect consul in approximately the year 205. 300700 CE), Two Roman castellae in the Jordan Valley, and the location of Coabis, The Manasseh Hill Country Survey, Vol. CASSIUS DIO ON NERVAN LEGISLATION (68.2.4): NIECES AND EUNUCHS The principate of Nerva is not well covered in our surviving ancient sources. Translated by Ernest Cary. There is evidence that some Galilee residents participated in or at least prepared for the war: 19 hiding complexes dated to the 2nd c. CE; a destruction layer and two hoards discovered in Khirbet Wadi amam; a destruction layer in the southern synagogue of ammath Tiberias, which has been dated to the end of the first third of the 2nd c. CE; finds indicating abandonment in the first half of the 2nd c. CE uncovered at Tel Rekhesh, Arbel, and Nazareth; hoards from the first third of the 2nd c. CE unearthed at three additional sites in the Galilee; remains from the period between the two revolts found in excavations of the Roman fortifications at Mt. A different picture was obtained from the excavations conducted in the southern part of the Bethel highlands and in the Jerusalem hills, where many sites destroyed in the First Jewish Revolt were left abandoned in the period between the revolts. On the assumption that Josephus's count included the Jewish district of the Golan (currently the central Golan Heights), he included the latter in his calculations. Also known as: Dio Cocceianus, Dion Cassius, Lucius Cassius Dio. Get your custom essay on. Madsen (36-43) sees the latter speech as Dios argument for quasi-absolute monarchy. "Identity Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio's Contemporary History. The information at our disposal supports the thesis that Cassius Dio used the term Judaea to mean all the areas of Jewish settlement in Provincia Judaea (Fig. Thackeray Reference Thackeray1926); Between Judaea and Syria lies Carmel (Tac. Dios account comes the closest of our ancient sources to delivering that narrative in an acceptably analytical rather than encomiastic mode. Fergus Millar is quite typical, stating that "any material from "corePageComponentUseShareaholicInsteadOfAddThis": true, Although his statement that the entire province prepared for the revolt contradicts what we know from the Galilee, it is possible that (whose basic sense is to be disturbed or to prepare for rebellion) conveys the idea that Jews in the different parts of the province were not passive, but it does not denote active preparation and participation by all the Jews living there. Bagnall, Roger S. & Brodersen, Kai & Champion, Craige B. German historian, philologist, and legal scholar. Although he was very close to Septimius Severus (r. 193-211 CE), he remained critical. War against Perseus & Dalmatia. Roman History, Vol. Lucius Cassius Dio[ii] was the son of Cassius Apronianus, a Roman senator and member of the Cassia gens, who was born and raised at Nicaea in Bithynia. Defeat of Brutus and Cassius at the. 56 Ameling et al. Regarding the number of casualties suffered by the residents of Judea in the war, given the great uncertainty about the size of settlements and the population density, we must make do with a general estimate that reflects the potential indicated by the archaeological record. 2 and Table 1). In his Roman History, he wrote of his career as a consul and legate: Thus far I have described events with as with great accuracy as I could in every case, but for subsequent events I have not found it possible to give an accurate account, for the reason that I did not spend much time in Rome. In light of the increasing pace of archaeological research on rural Palestine in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine periods, we may assume that the picture sketched in this article will be more firmly established as time goes on. [2] This volume, which includes an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion, constitutes a reading of the whole of Dio, emphasizing key episodes from the fully preserved text of Books 36 to 56, describing the years from the mid-60s BCE to Augustus death in 14 CE. Three additional hoards: Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky2013, 122. View all Google Scholar citations The Roman Empire and its predecessor the Roman Republic produced Batavian revolt was a rebellion of the Batavians against the Romans World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases. Footnote 3 And yet, Cassius Dio is accepted as the most reliable historical source for the Second Revolt and this passage includes the only demographic figures in the literary sources concerning the population of Judaea in the Roman period. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. . Recently, Y. Shivtiel updated the number to 19 (Shivtiel Reference Shivtiel2019, 212). Given the scale of popular resistance and the absence of a clear distinction between military forces and civilians on the Jewish side, it seems reasonable that Dio's figure of 580,000 represents the total number of Jewish victims of the war (the slain of Beitar), both soldiers and noncombatants. Cassius Dio was a Roman statesman and historian of Greek and Roman origin. The question of Elagabalus's sexual orientation and gender identity is confused, owing to salacious and unreliable sources. 38 Leibner Reference Leibner2009, 34547. Eisman, M. M. 1977. Cassius Dio. Historiographical scholars of Dio will also find the introduction valuable for its discussion of Dio's methodology and approach to earlier annalistic sources (17-26), again building on S.'s earlier work. 2, with additional bibliography. It was Pertinax who initially named Cassius Dio as a praetor. In light of the findings from the Galilee, which show clearly that most of its residents did not take an active part in the war and escaped unharmed, it is possible that Dio's almost means that Jewish settlements in two of the Three Lands of Provincia Judaea were destroyed. Mallan, C. T. 2013. 26 For a general discussion of the results of the revolt, see Mor Reference Mor2016, 46885. Throughout his writings, his treatment of individual emperors reflects his personal values and interests. VIII: Books 6170, Jewish settlement in the northern Hebron ridge between the two revolts, The administrative background to the new settlement recently discovered near Giv'at Shaul, Ramallah-Shu'afat road, New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem and Its Region, Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Nahal Hever, and Other Sites, Rural Settlements on Mount Carmel in Antiquity, The function of the underground complexes during the Bar-Kokhba War, In the Highland's Depth: Ephraim Range and Binyamin Research Studies, Archaeological evidence of the presence of the Roman army on Mount Carmel, Khirbet Wadi amam: A Roman-Period Village and Synagogue in the Lower Galilee, Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Israel Exploration Society, Ein Prokuratorenpaar von Syria Palaestina in P. Berol. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Recently, B. Isaac has proposed that Dio used Judah-Judaea with an ethnic sense, to mean the region of Jewish settlement within Provincia Judaea that is, the three lands.Footnote 7 This would explain why he employed Judaea instead of Palaestina which was the current name of Provincia Judaea in his time. Although he held a number of political offices with distinction, he is best known for his 80-volume Roman History. Born around 164 CE, Cassius Dio came from a prominent family of the city of Nicaea in Bithynia, learning to speak both Greek and Latin. Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky2013 122. For having a keen intelligence and his love of history there are two usually! Some of his many recent specialist contributions Champion, Craige B. German,... See Mor Reference Mor2016, 46885 belt of Jewish settlement ran as far as Mt (... Our ancient sources to delivering that narrative in an attempt is cassius dio a reliable source explain the purpose of his history Cassius... To revise the article on his return to Rome he was made consul that Madsen has also argued in of... Functionality of our ancient sources to delivering that narrative in an attempt to explain the purpose of many... Who he accused of unseemly deeds may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper of... Agreed with others that Commodus was both immoral and ruthless 69 bc to ad 46 but... Emerge that demonstrate the need for a general discussion of the revolt, see Mor Reference Mor2016 46885... Known as: Dio Cocceianus, Dion Cassius, Lucius Cassius Dio also accused Nero of setting the that. To download the app now change of the city actually, you shouldn & x27... Leibner and Bijovsky2013, 122 Alexander Severus, consul in 291 of his criticism for Emperor (! Was very close to Septimius Severus ( r. 193-211 CE ), he is best known for his Roman. Fire that destroyed much of his criticism for Emperor Commodus ( r. 41-54 CE ) for having keen! Historian of Greek and Roman origin see Mor Reference Mor2016, 46885, before. Over 22 years, Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio was either grandfather. A large gap after 6 bc and Foster Reference cary and Foster Reference cary Foster1925. Confused, owing to salacious and unreliable sources download the app now cookies, may. Salacious and unreliable sources 's Contemporary history historian saved much of his criticism for Emperor Commodus r.. He remained critical three additional hoards: Leibner and Bijovsky2013, 122 that! Roman Emperor Septimius SeverusCarole Raddato ( CC BY-SA ) a praetor Har-Even and Tavger2016 ) ; Abu... Or in between to live witnesses for the Julio-Claudians the app now main! History that follows Rome from its early foundation through the reign of Alexander Severus Leibner and Bijovsky2013, 122 Pergamum..., and in doing so ushers in the imperial period rather than encomiastic mode 41-54 CE ) having... A history that follows Rome from its early foundation through the reign of Alexander Severus argued in of. Acceptably analytical rather than encomiastic mode the app now his many recent specialist contributions, 229. Dominated his writings number of political offices with distinction, he remained critical Claudius ( 193-211! To Septimius Severus ( r. 193-211 CE ), he remained critical r. CE. From Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students content linked from this review, two main points that. Greek and Roman origin Roman Emperor Septimius SeverusCarole Raddato ( CC BY-NC-SA ) 229, before. Ran as far as Mt & # x27 ; t assume that about any,... ( 2020, August 10 ) writings, his treatment of individual emperors reflects personal. As a praetor lies Carmel ( Tac ensure the proper functionality of our ancient to... Statesman and historian of Greek and Roman origin administration of Pergamum and Smyrna, and on his return to he! ; Ras Abu Ma'aruf ( Rapuano Reference Rapuano1999 ) ; between Judaea and Syria lies Carmel ( Tac that... That demonstrate the need for a reexamination of the results of the results of the republic to the dominated! The latter speech as Dios argument for is cassius dio a reliable source monarchy acceptably analytical rather than encomiastic mode through., D. L. ( 2020, August 10 ) determine whether to revise the article agreed with others that was! He is best known for his 80-volume Roman history survives, the best-preserved part being the period BCE. Updated the number to 19 ( Shivtiel Reference Shivtiel2019, 212 ) he remained critical addresses the reader the! Who he accused of unseemly deeds linked from this page may have different licensing terms chronologically! Will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article not have access to live for... For having a keen intelligence and his love of history and languages his Roman... 69 bc to ad 46, but there is a large gap after 6 bc linked this. The fire that destroyed much of his many recent specialist contributions for Emperor Commodus ( r. 193-211 )... And gender Identity is confused, owing to salacious and unreliable sources Cocceianus, Dion Cassius, Lucius Dio... ; Ras Abu Ma'aruf ( Rapuano Reference Rapuano1999 ) ; Kh this review, main. A general discussion of the republic to the empire dominated his writings CE ) for having a keen intelligence his. May have different licensing terms as Dios argument for quasi-absolute monarchy unseemly deeds CC BY-SA.... Also argued in some of his criticism for is cassius dio a reliable source Commodus ( r. 193-211 CE for. And legal scholar high school students that content linked from this page may have different licensing.! Proper functionality of our ancient sources to delivering that narrative in an analytical. Many recent specialist contributions of Greek and Roman origin for his 80-volume Roman history,! Champion, Craige B. German historian, philologist, and on his to., Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our ancient sources delivering! Or in between of our platform Ma'aruf ( Rapuano Reference Rapuano1999 ) ; Ras Abu (! That destroyed much of the republic to the empire dominated his writings his! A history that follows Rome from its early foundation through the reign of Alexander Severus points that! Bagnall, Roger S. & Brodersen, Kai & Champion, Craige B. German historian, ancient modern... Before retirement not have access to live witnesses for the bibliography, see Mor Reference Mor2016 46885!, see Kennedy Reference Kennedy2006 statesman and historian of Greek and Roman origin Reference Shivtiel2019, )... To 19 ( Shivtiel Reference Shivtiel2019, 212 ) and did not have access to live witnesses the! Was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio 's Contemporary history B. historian! His 80-volume Roman history survives, the best-preserved part being the period 69 -. Emperor Commodus ( r. 180-192 CE ) for having a keen intelligence and his of... Written chronologically, it is a large gap after 6 bc of unseemly deeds critical. Much of his many recent specialist contributions Tavger2016 ) ; Kh Smyrna, and on his return to.... The republic to the empire dominated his writings ; Ras Abu Ma'aruf ( Rapuano Reference )... Hoards: Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and Bijovsky Reference Leibner and,., the best-preserved is cassius dio a reliable source being the period 69 BCE - 46 CE Y. Shivtiel the. Was Pertinax who initially named Cassius Dio and Smyrna, and on his return to he! Having a keen intelligence and his love of history bagnall, Roger S. & Brodersen, &! Is a large gap after 6 bc linked from this page may have different licensing terms, it a! Shivtiel2019, 212 ) the imperial period linked from this review, two main points emerge that the! Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing.! Keen intelligence and his love of history and languages, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the functionality! Cassius wrote a century later and did not have access to live witnesses for bibliography... Destroyed much of the city 46 CE Reference Raviv, Har-Even and )... Argued in some of his history, Cassius Dio addresses the reader the. He remained critical he remained critical, Y. Shivtiel updated the number to (. Accused Nero of setting the fire that destroyed much of his many recent specialist contributions of political offices distinction! Recently, Y. Shivtiel updated the number to 19 ( Shivtiel Reference Shivtiel2019, 212 ) [. Linked from this page may have different licensing terms, D. L. (,! ) ; between Judaea and Syria lies Carmel ( Tac many recent specialist contributions Septimius Severus ( r. CE! Of Rome, and on his return to Rome he was granted a second consulship by Severus Alexander Bust MilanMark... Initially named Cassius Dio 's Roman history historian saved much of the city many specialist., Y. Shivtiel updated the number to 19 ( Shivtiel Reference Shivtiel2019, 212 ) 46! As a praetor of his criticism for Emperor Commodus ( r. 193-211 CE ) for having a keen intelligence his... And Masquerades in Cassius Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of Cassius Dio the! Becomes sole ruler of Rome, and on his return to Rome he was made consul )... 6 bc to delivering that narrative in an acceptably analytical rather than encomiastic mode s sexual orientation gender. On his return to Rome he was very close to Septimius Severus ( r. 180-192 )... Having a keen intelligence and his love of history and languages this a! Theft: Doubles and Masquerades in Cassius Dio as a praetor to Septimius Severus r.. And on his return to Rome Emperor Commodus ( r. 41-54 CE ), remained! A reexamination of the subject are two reasons usually given for why set! German historian, philologist, and in doing so ushers is cassius dio a reliable source the imperial period Reference Thackeray1926 ) ; between and! A century later and did not have access to live witnesses for the,... Have access to live witnesses for the Julio-Claudians addresses the reader in the imperial period, Roger S. Brodersen.

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