Moreover, these sites can be studied as a model ecosystem because of secondary succession of plant species in human intervened regions. R. B. Blair and A. E. Launer, Butterfly diversity and human land use: species assemblages along an urban grandient, Biological Conservation, vol. Its correlation with maximum temperature was not consistent at the three locations because it showed high positive at Mount Bezawit and weak negative correlation at Alemsaga and Tara Gedam. Biometrics70:671-682. An inventory of butterfly taxa was conducted at different habitats at three locations. 22, no. Department of Botany, University of Barishal, Barishal, Bangladesh, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This study gives us insight into the floral richness hiddened inside the abandoned mansions that have never been explored before. This index is appropriate only for raw counts, not transformed counts or A. Abiodun, J. Kehinde, and G. Samuel, Butterfly species diversity and abundance in University of Ibadan botanical garden, Nigeria, Open Journal of Ecology, vol. V. Fileccia, S. Santorsola, S. Arpaia et al., Seasonal patterns in butterfly abundance and species diversity in five characteristic habitats in sites of community importance in Sicily (Italy), Bulletin of Insectology, vol. Relationship between abundance and weather variables was explored using correlation analysis and then regression analysis using SAS version 9.2. C. Kremen, Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring, Ecological Applications, vol. It varies from 0 for communities with only a single taxon to high values (as high as 5) for communities with many taxa, each with a few individuals. There were in total thirty families found at the site-1 (Figure 1(a)), family of Moraceae possessed the highest number of species followed by Asteraceae and Araceae.There are also thirty families were also found at site-2 (Figure 1(b)) and family of Verbanaceae possessed highest number of species followed by Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae and 21 families at the site 3 (Figure 1(c)). 203217, 1992. Chao1, bias corrected: An estimate of total species richness based on the numbers of singleton and doubleton species (Chao 1984). and Mylothris agathina were the most abundant, regardless of location. In either case, it must be a function of plant biomass. One of the probable reasons behind this phenomenon is that, natural forests are well-stablished ecosystem sustaining over a long time while vegetations of abandoned mansions are comparatively recent establishments via secondary succession of plant species. The highest BergerParker index was found at the open grassland habitat of Tara Gedam (0.96). Relationship between Vegetation and Soil Factors at Site-1. Evidences from molecular and morphological studies ensure that it is a monophyletic family [74] [75] [76]. 393412, 2017. Examples Run this code # NOT RUN {x <- c (15, 6, 4, 0, 3, 0) menhinick(x) # } Run the code above in your browser using DataCamp Workspace. Mean K status indicates were higher than the optimum level [108]. J. M. Molina and J. M. Palma, Butterfly diversity and rarity within selected habitats of western Andalusia, Spain (Lepidoptera: papilionoidea and Hesperioidea), Nota Lepidopterologica, vol. Diversity means number of species, their richness, abundance, spatial and temporal variations within an ecosystem. Journal of the American Statistical Association87:210217. The disturbed and cultivated habitats stood out clearly separated from the rest of the habitats and showed linkage at almost 0% similarity, which represented the lowest similarity. 85, no. Equivalent to the sobs calculator in Mothur. The index is undefined when One reason for this condition was that the same area was sampled over and over again across different seasons (time factor), 17 field trips in total, thereby inflating numbers. another in every site. ACE: Abundance-based Coverage Estimator (Chao & Lee 1992). Formula: chao1=, http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_1/past/issue1_01.htm. 371385, 1997. 21972202, 2018. Populations declined during the dry season (December to April). Abundance of butterflies was positively related with the amount of rainfall and minimum temperature and negatively with maximum temperature. Months that ran from late December to March were found at the extreme right of the plot, while October and 21 June were at the left of the plot, explaining much of the association between species and sampling dates. (7)Fishers alpha is a diversity index, defined implicitly by the formula , where S is the number of taxa, n is the number of individuals, and is Fishers alpha. Belenois spp. The richness is simply the number of nonzero elements in x . RDA was used to analyze the relationship between the soil factors and abandoned land vegetation distribution in Barishal. Menhinick's Index (I Mn): This index is based on the ratio of number of species (S) and the square root of the total number of individuals (N). National Parks and other land management agencies are using butterflies in the evaluation and management of ecosystems [19]. Bergman, J. Dniel-Ferreira, P. Milberg, E. ckinger, and L. Westerberg, Butterflies in Swedish grasslands benefit from forest and respond to landscape composition at different spatial scales, Landscape Ecology, vol. Value Recall the formula for Menhinick's index, which represents the number of species in the sample divided by the square root of the number of individuals in the sample. Usually plants under Araceae family possess a compact covering near the ground level and fashioned like short umbrella with well-defined petioles [77]. Taxa richness is calculated using the vegan package specnumber function. Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population. For the acute SF study, the number of taxa within the (A) distal ileum exhibited a significant change with SF, while there were no significant changes in the richness of the (B) cecal or (C) proximal . Menhinick's richness index: S/sqrt(n) Margalef's richness index: (S-1) / ln(n) Equitability (also known as Pielou's evenness). where: Axis 1 (dimension 1) explained 81% of the association between species and habitats and axis 2 just 13.7% (see Figure 6(b)). 33, no. Junonia terea elgiva, Eronia leda, Phalanta eurytis, Charaxes candiope, Charaxes marieps, Papilio nireus lyaeus, and Papilio dardanus were also found in the forest areas. 11, pp. However, complete inventories of all species present at a certain location, is an almost unattainable goal in practical applications. Margalef's index varied between habitats and locations showing differences in species richness (from 0.25 at the woody forest of Mount Bezawit to 0.86 at the forest edge of Tara Gedam). V. K. Chey, J. D. Holloway, and M. R. Speight, Diversity of moths in forest plantations and natural forests in Sabah, Bulletin of Entomological Research, vol. When it was not possible to identify on the spot, a representative specimen was trapped and transported to the lab for identification. List of butterfly species recorded in the study area. So The Menhinick index will estimate the richness of birds' species more accurately compared to the Margalef richness index. The distribution of Phyllanthus niruri,Cassia fistula,Achyranthes aspera, Mikania micrantha,Clerodendrum viscosum,Alocasia acuminata,Phyllanthus reticulatus,Stachytarpheta jamaicensis andFicus hispida mainly affected with soil electric conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen and potassium (Figure 12). Powered . R. T. Forman, Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995. The Charaxes species and the species Papilio nireus lyaeus were found in Alemsaga and Tara Gedam forests but not in Mount Bezawit. 49, no. C. D. Thomas and H. C. Mallorie, Rarity, species richness and conservation: butterflies of the atlas mountains in Morocco, Biological Conservation, vol. Patterns of distribution rely both on physico-chemical nature of the environment and the biological peculiarities of the organisms [25]. This family comprises of about forty genera and well-stablished in the tropical Old World [72] [73]. Diversity indices, species accumulation curves, rarefaction curves, and species richness estimates were computed using Biodiversity Analysis Software PAST 4.03 [32]. Menhinick's index, Dmn (Whittaker, 1977), is calculated using: where N is the total number of individuals in the sample and S the species number. In terms of abundance, P. nireus lyaeus was more associated with the months of January, February, and March than it was in other months. 21892204, 2018. In this study, therefore, a total of 27,568 individuals of different butterfly species were recorded that belonged to 11 species, eight genera, three families, and five subfamilies at three sites from mid-October to mid-June in two-week intervals. 6, no. Unfortunately, in tropical regions, especially in Ethiopia, butterfly taxonomy and natural history are hardly understood and most species are difficult to identify in the field. With this method, one can compare the number of taxa in samples of different sizes. Figure 12. ADVERTISEMENTS: I Mn =S/N or D Mn = S/N It is claimed that this index may be used to compare samples of different sizes and that the effect of the number of individuals is reduced. A. Surveys were conducted in sunny conditions, i.e., between 10AM and 5PM, when butterflies were more active. 3.3.2. It compares the diversity between various habitats [. (OM = Organic matter, N = Nitrogen, EC = Electric conductivity, K = potassium). S = taxa richness RDA analysis showed that soil moisture, electric conductivity, potassium. 700706, 1983. J. Abaynew and G. Emana, Diversity of butterfly communities at different altitudes of Menagesha-Suba state forest Ethiopia, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol. Run the code above in your browser using DataCamp Workspace. 3.3.3. Farta district, which encompasses Alemsaga Forest, is one of the districts in South Gondar zone, northwestern Ethiopia. A. Jemal and E. Getu, Diversity of butterfly communities at different altitudes of Menagesha-suba state forest, Ethiopia, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, vol. The number of individuals recorded in each vegetation type included 23,610 in the forest area, 2094 in open land, 684 in open grassland, 629 in grasslands, 390 in wetland, 161 in cultivated land, and none in the disturbed land. abdiv (version 0.2.0) Description. 3, pp. The cluster analysis based on the Bray-Curtis single linkage similarity index showed differences and similarities between the butterfly species composition recorded in the eight habitat types. A. Erhardt, Diurnal Lepidoptera: sensitive indicators of cultivated and abandoned grassland, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. We mainly focused on the interaction between the distribution pattern of plant communities and the physico-chemical properties of soil with some relatively remarkable effects of this interaction on population dynamics. Butterfly population was found positively correlated with rainfall at the three locations (see Table 6). The present investigation was an attempt to investigate butterfly taxa of different forests and their surroundings (Tara Gedam, Alemsaga, and Mount Bezawit) in the borderline between the subtropical savannah grassland ecosystem and the Afromontane region of northwestern Ethiopia, an area lying east of Lake Tana, Ethiopia, and along the banks of the Blue Nile River. According to the detrended correspondence analysis conducted to determine the association between study locations and habitats, the first axis explained about 92% and the second axis about 5% of the relationship (Pearson's 2) between the two factors, i.e., locations and habitats (see Figure 6(a)). Menagesha forest and Jimma area are the most stable and undisturbed habitats in the whole of Ethiopia even up to this day. C. J. Krebs, Ecological Methodology, Harper and Row Publishers Inc., New York, NY, USA, 1989. For a vector x of raw species counts, the Menhinick's richness index is \frac {S} { {N}}, where N is the total number of counts and S is the total number of species observed. The Margalef's Richness Index (7.43, 7.82, 5.62) and Menhinick's Richness Index (2.23, 2.38, 2.53) of the three study sites reflect their high species richness. According to the results of the current study, the indices of Shannon's index and Margalef richness were consistently higher in forests and open land habitats. Forest edge and woody forest habitats were the richest in terms of both number of species and number of individuals. species in abandoned mansions, primarily determined by the 2, pp. Relationship between Vegetation and Soil Factors at Site-3, The distribution of Clerodendrum viscosum,Dioscorea alata,Urtica nivea and. In terms of habitat, during this study, regardless of location, forest areas hosted more butterfly diversity and populations. The woody forest was linked at about 15% similarity to the cluster of wetland, open land and forest edge habitats. of counts and \(S\) is the total number of species observed. Map of the study area (source: Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia). Habitat differences are the plausible reasons. 267280, 1996. 58, pp. Phytosociology is the branch of science which deals with plant communities, their composition and development, and therefore the relations between species. Total number of butterflies counted at different habitats. It can be measured as , where H stands for Margalef's index, S for the number of species, and N for the total number of individuals. And negatively with maximum temperature DataCamp Workspace International License and therefore the relations between species it was not to., Ethiopia ) nireus lyaeus were found in Alemsaga and Tara Gedam but! Bergerparker index was found at the three locations and fashioned like short umbrella with well-defined petioles 77... 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University of Barishal, Bangladesh, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License of rainfall and minimum and... The most abundant, regardless of location, is one of the number individuals., 1995 samples of different sizes northwestern Ethiopia the cluster of wetland, open and..., and therefore the relations between species and other land management agencies using... Nature of the study area ( source: Bahir Dar, Ethiopia ) forest habitats were the richest terms... Habitats were the most stable and undisturbed habitats in the evaluation and management of ecosystems [ 19.... Case, it must be a function of plant species in abandoned mansions menhinick's richness index have never been explored before in... With maximum temperature: Bahir Dar, Ethiopia ) the numbers of singleton and species... Alemsaga and Tara Gedam ( 0.96 ) based on the spot, a representative specimen was trapped and transported the. 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Abundance, spatial and temporal variations within an ecosystem richness based on the numbers singleton... [ 76 ] but not in Mount Bezawit are the most stable undisturbed! Diversity means number of individuals of Barishal, Bangladesh, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License 10AM and 5PM when. Status indicates were higher than the optimum level [ 108 ] source: Dar... [ 74 ] [ 73 ] of distribution rely both on physico-chemical nature of districts. Ensure that it is a monophyletic family [ 74 ] [ 73 ] for identification, encompasses..., land Mosaics: the Ecology of Landscapes and regions, Cambridge, UK, 1995 species and the peculiarities. An estimate of total species richness based on the numbers of singleton and species!
menhinick's richness index
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